Photosynthesis Experiment free essay sample

The results do not show the general relationship between light intensity and photosynthesis that could normally be seen had the experiment taken place without errors. The graph should show an increase in arbitrary units the further away from the light source the beaker is because the greater the distance from the light source, the lower the light intensity and so less photosynthesis would take place in the algal balls. This would result in more CO2 being present because it wouldn’t be being used up during photosynthesis. The decrease in CO2 in the solutions nearer the light source would cause the hydrogencarbonate indicator to change colour to purple/red and therefore the darker colour would produce a lower reading on the colorimeter because the blue filter would reflect the darker colour, letting less light through. In order to gain these results if the experiment were to be repeated, it must be done in a dark room where the artificial light is the only light source available to the algal ball beakers. We will write a custom essay sample on Photosynthesis Experiment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This will enable a more reliable reading to be taken as the beakers further away from the light source will not have the light from the window to enable them to photosynthesise as much as the beakers close to the light. The trend which was expected to be seen was that the light intensity is a limiting factor in photosynthesis. The greater the intensity of light, the more the plant/algae cells photosynthesises and so takes up more carbon dioxide as the rate is increased. The results do not show the general relationship between light intensity and photosynthesis that could normally be seen had the experiment taken place without errors. The graph should show an increase in arbitrary units the further away from the light source the beaker is because the greater the distance from the light source, the lower the light intensity and so less photosynthesis would take place in the algal balls. This would result in more CO2 being present because it wouldn’t be being used up during photosynthesis. The decrease in CO2 in the solutions nearer the light source would cause the hydrogencarbonate indicator to change colour to purple/red and therefore the darker colour would produce a lower reading on the colorimeter because the blue filter would reflect the darker colour, letting less light through. In order to gain these results if the experiment were to be repeated, it must be done in a dark room where the artificial light is the only light source available to the algal ball beakers. This will enable a more reliable reading to be taken as the beakers further away from the light source will not have the light from the window to enable them to photosynthesise as much as the beakers close to the light. The trend which was expected to be seen was that the light intensity is a limiting factor in photosynthesis. The greater the intensity of light, the more the plant/algae cells photosynthesises and so takes up more carbon dioxide as the rate is increased. Conclusion and analysis Conclusion and analysis The method for the experiment allowed for error to take place, but also had advantages. The results show some anomalies – these have come about because the samples were on the counter in front of the window and so the algal balls were subject to natural light coming in from the window as well as the artificial light. This error in the method meant that the results collected were neither accurate nor reliable as at the different intervals, the algal balls could have had varying light intensities and therefore the light intensity was not a controlled factor in the experiment because the artificial light source was not the only light source. The advantage of using algal balls is that it was very easy to standardise the amount of chloroplasts in each beaker at each interval. This could then not be considered as an affecting factor because the balls were uniform in size and chlorophyll concentration in every beaker. This is an advantage also because it enables the experiment to be replicated accurately and so repeats could be taken to calculate a mean and eradicate any anomalous results which occurred due to the error. The algal balls are also cheap to grow and easy o make as hundreds can be made in a short time and they are also easy to keep alive for several weeks so they can be kept alive for further experiments. The advantage of using the hydrogencarbonate indicator as a control was that the change in colour measured by the colorimeter readings could be detected to be caused by the photosynthesising algal balls and not something which would happen anyway. The method for the experiment allowed for error to take place, b ut also had advantages. The results show some anomalies – these have come about because the samples were on the counter in front of the window and so the algal balls were subject to natural light coming in from the window as well as the artificial light. This error in the method meant that the results collected were neither accurate nor reliable as at the different intervals, the algal balls could have had varying light intensities and therefore the light intensity was not a controlled factor in the experiment because the artificial light source was not the only light source. The advantage of using algal balls is that it was very easy to standardise the amount of chloroplasts in each beaker at each interval. This could then not be considered as an affecting factor because the balls were uniform in size and chlorophyll concentration in every beaker. This is an advantage also because it enables the experiment to be replicated accurately and so repeats could be taken to calculate a mean and eradicate any anomalous results which occurred due to the error.

Free Essays on Compromise Of 1850

Slavery was not a new topic for discussion during the middle 1800’s in the United States. After the Mexican American War, the annexation of new territory led to an important crisis. Will there be new states added to the Union? If so, would they be free states or slaveholding states? The annexation of Texas to the United States and the gain of new territory by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at the close of the Mexican War (1848) aggravated the hostility between North and South concerning the question of slavery. The free states favored the proposal made in the Wilmot Proviso to exclude slavery from all the lands acquired from Mexico. This, naturally, met with violent Southern opposition. When California sought (1849) admittance to the Union as a free state, a serious crisis threatened. With a precarious balance of 14 free and 14 slave states in the Union, Southerners could not maintain their power in Washington, D.C., with the admission of another free state. Southerners increasingly talked of secession. In January 1850 Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky tried to heal the breach with five actions packaged in one bill. California was to be admitted as a free state, but the territories of Utah and New Mexico, which were then largely ungoverned, were to be given governments with the authority to decide the issue of slavery themselves. Additionally, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 would be amended to include enforcement provisions against the North and a requirement that the citizens would help catch and return runaway slaves. To compensate the North for the fugitive slave amendments, the interstate trade of slaves would be banned in the District of Columbia - a largely symbolic gesture since slave trading would continue in Virginia and Maryland and the private sale of slaves would still be permissible in the capital. The bill also resolved boundary disputes between the government of Texas and the federal government. Texas accepts narrower ... Free Essays on Compromise Of 1850 Free Essays on Compromise Of 1850 Slavery was not a new topic for discussion during the middle 1800’s in the United States. After the Mexican American War, the annexation of new territory led to an important crisis. Will there be new states added to the Union? If so, would they be free states or slaveholding states? The annexation of Texas to the United States and the gain of new territory by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at the close of the Mexican War (1848) aggravated the hostility between North and South concerning the question of slavery. The free states favored the proposal made in the Wilmot Proviso to exclude slavery from all the lands acquired from Mexico. This, naturally, met with violent Southern opposition. When California sought (1849) admittance to the Union as a free state, a serious crisis threatened. With a precarious balance of 14 free and 14 slave states in the Union, Southerners could not maintain their power in Washington, D.C., with the admission of another free state. Southerners increasingly talked of secession. In January 1850 Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky tried to heal the breach with five actions packaged in one bill. California was to be admitted as a free state, but the territories of Utah and New Mexico, which were then largely ungoverned, were to be given governments with the authority to decide the issue of slavery themselves. Additionally, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 would be amended to include enforcement provisions against the North and a requirement that the citizens would help catch and return runaway slaves. To compensate the North for the fugitive slave amendments, the interstate trade of slaves would be banned in the District of Columbia - a largely symbolic gesture since slave trading would continue in Virginia and Maryland and the private sale of slaves would still be permissible in the capital. The bill also resolved boundary disputes between the government of Texas and the federal government. Texas accepts narrower ...

The 1969 Redstockings Abortion Speakout Protest

The 1969 Redstockings Abortion Speakout Protest In 1969, the members of radical feminist group Redstockings were furious that legislative hearings about abortion featured male speakers discussing such a crucial womens issue. They, therefore, staged their hearing, the Redstockings abortion speak-out, in New York City on March 21, 1969. The Fight to Make Abortion Legal The abortion speak-out took place during the pre-Roe v. Wade era when abortion was illegal in the United States. Each state had its own laws about reproductive matters. It was rare if not unheard of to hear any woman speak publicly about her experience with illegal abortion. Before the radical feminists fight, the movement to change U.S. abortion laws was more focused on reforming existing laws than repealing them. Legislative hearings on the issue featured medical experts and others who wanted to finesse the exceptions to abortion prohibitions. These experts talked about cases of rape and incest or a threat to the life or health of a mother. Feminists shifted the debate to a discussion of a womans right to choose what to do with her own body. Disruption In February of 1969, Redstockings members disrupted a New York legislative hearing about abortion. The New York Joint Legislature Committee on the Problems of Public Health had called the hearing to consider reforms to the New York law, then 86 years old, on abortion. They roundly condemned the hearing because the experts were a dozen men and a Catholic nun. Of all women to speak, they thought a nun would be the least likely to have contended with the abortion issue, other than from her possible religious bias. The Redstockings members shouted and called for the legislators to hear from women who had had abortions, instead. Eventually, that hearing had to be moved to another room behind closed doors. Who Gets to Speak The members of Redstockings had previously participated in consciousness-raising discussions. They had also drawn attention to womens issues with protests and demonstrations. Several hundred people attended their abortion speak-out in the West Village on March 21, 1969. Some women spoke about what they suffered during illegal â€Å"back-alley abortions.† Other women spoke about being unable to get an abortion and having to carry a baby to term, then have the child taken away when it was adopted. After the Demonstration More abortion speak-outs followed in other U.S. cities, as well as speak-outs on other issues in the subsequent decade. Four years after the 1969 abortion speak-out, the Roe v. Wade decision altered the landscape by repealing most abortion laws then in effect and striking down restrictions on abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy. Susan Brownmiller attended the original 1969 abortion speak-out.  Brownmiller then wrote about the event in an article for the  Village Voice, Everywomans Abortions: The Oppressor  Is Man. The original Redstockings collective broke up in 1970, though other groups with that name continued to work on feminist issues. On March 3, 1989, another abortion speakout was held in New York City on the 20th anniversary of the first.  Florynce Kennedy attended, saying I crawled off my death bed to come down here as she called for the struggle to continue.

Talk about four ways in which sound is connected or disconnected from Essay

Talk about four ways in which sound is connected or disconnected from image in The Conversation. For example, do they jar, comp - Essay Example The article will discuss several ways in which sound disconnects or connected from the image in â€Å"The Conversation† by Francis Ford Coppola. Introduction According to Cowie in his text â€Å"Picking up The Conversation,† Francis’ career in film making involves more than twenty-five films all through a forty-year career his acclaims as a film director attribute to his participation with â€Å"The Godfather† movies. Such a positive affiliation, indeed, has served Francis well all through the challenges in his career and diminished the effects of his essential work. In 1974, Coppola wrote and was a director of â€Å"The Conversation,† which is a scene that went immensely unnoticed because of the immediate release of The Godfather Part 2. Even though, both of the scenes contributed to the nomination of Oscar for Coppola, the triumph of The Godfather contributed to the fading of The Conversation into a level of under appreciation (Cowie, Picking up T he Conversation). Nevertheless, in Dec. 2000 Paramount Home Video produced a new DVD of The Conversation. This digital video will enhance the film lovers to praise and see it as it provides the right format for a scene. This is because the film producer invested in attracting not only the visual sense of the viewers, but also their attention. Francis Coppola hardly limited channeling his creative traits towards the scene because he reinvented the utilization of sound. Just the same as Robert Altman did four years ago with MASH, Coppola accomplished his story because of sound application. The utilization of sound by Coppola in the film The Conversation is an aspect that makes the scene a unique and provides the audience with a cinematic experience. The Conversation, although released initially in 1974, it was perfect timing because it was when people had little faith towards the political institutions. The scene addresses, in broad, the increasing sense of people’s mistrust to wards the political institutions. Through a creative and masterful sound use, Francis takes a significant advantage of suspicion and apprehension of the audience. Even though, the occupation of Coppola puts him in a high position, his technology use is a cause of skewed perception in relation to reality. While looking for truth in the midst of the conversation in the film, Coppola utilizes self-engineering modern technologies. The technologies aim at eradicating every intrusive noise that might affect the quality of the recording. However, the use of self-engineering technology did harm to the film because it eliminated the realness aspect of the film’s conversation. Harry directs his assistant to pay extra attention towards the recording and little attention to what the characters are talking about. This is similar to the distinction that people draw between listening and hearing. As Harry hears the words from the conversation, he hardly listens to what the words mean. It is not because of Harry’s personality or his achievements that made him a mark; rather it is the sophistication of sound that made his opponents. More so, through the audio maneuvering, â€Å"The Conversation† does not only narrate Harry Cauls’ story, but also the American story. â€Å"The Conversation† by Francis Ford Coppola The producer of â€Å"The Conversation† created sound track separately from images and was inclusive of three elements:

Oppression and Slavery Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Oppression and Slavery - Coursework Example Mental abilities of slaves are thought to be unequal to those of their white masters. What is worse, methods of dealing with them could sometimes resemble animal training ‘They are very grateful for good treatment if proper discipline and authority are kept up over them’ (The Farmers’ Register, 1837). Cruel punishments were regarded one of the most effective methods to maintain obedience ‘A powerful blacksmith named Hewes laid on the stripes. Fifty were given, during which the cries of my father might be heard a mile’ (Henson, 1877). As it is stated in the documents, slaves should be properly clothed, fed, and housed. Thus, slaves were not considered to be human beings. These were working units which required proper treatment and usage. What is more, slave-trade used to be a common thing in the Antebellum South. It could be used as an instrument of discipline which enabled slaveholders to manipulate Afro-Americans. ‘There was the fear that I mig ht be sold from those who were dear to me’, writes Lunsford Lane, a former slave (Lane, 1842). The main principle of attitude towards Afro-Americans may be summarized within the next sentence ‘the negro race is inferior to the white race’ (Fishel et al, 1976, 1970). What is more, the institution of slavery is posed as a remedy for black people. As stated by Fitzhugh, Christians are supposed to protect, support, and civilize black population. The author insists that to be a slave in the South is much better than to be a free laborer in the North. Finally, one of his statements seems to be a quintessence of cynicism and absurdity ‘The negro slaves of the South are the happiest, and, in some sense, the freest people in the world’. These words illustrate how wild and inhuman customs of the southern slaveholders were. Remarks on Overseers, and the Proper Treatment of Slaves.

Qs on Forests Essay Example for Free

Qs on Forests Essay He suggestedthat a proper system should be introducedto protect the forest. He helped in formulating the Indian Forest Act of 1865. (Q. )Who was Dietrich Brandis? (1 Mark) (Ans) Brandis was a German who gave advice to the British regarding thereckless cutting of trees by the local people and the traders. He feared that it would destroythe forest. Brandis was also madethe first Inspector General of Forests in  India. (Q. ) What was the idea of plantation in colonial period? (1 Mark) (Ans) The Colonial Government took over the forests and gave away those to European planters at cheap rates. They had cut down the forest for land to start the plantation. This was another way for deforestation. Large areas of forests were cleared to make way for the plantation of tea, coffee and rubber to meet the growing demands of these commodities in European countries (Q. )Can you relate the progress of railways with the idea of deforestation in colonial period? Explain. (1 Mark) (Ans) 1) Railways were essential forcolonial trade and for the movement of imperial troops. As the railway tracks expanded, a larger number of trees were felled to meet up the growing demand of timber and fuel wood. ) The government gave out contracts to individuals to supply the required quantity of timber. These contractors started random cutting of trees and this led to immediate disappearance of forests around the railway tracks. (Q. )What is meant by the term deforestation? (1 Mark) (Ans) Cutting down of trees in huge numberof forest area to fulfill the demand of developing civilizations is known as defor estation. In other words, cutting and destroying of forest resourcesis deforestation. During the period of colonialism,deforestation took a systematic approachfor the purpose ofindustrial development. Q. )  Mention the changes seen in the features of forest resources during  industrialisation. (1 Mark) (Ans) The period of industrialisation, i. e. , the years from 1700 to 1995, witnessed a drastic reduction in the earlier huge diversity of forest resources all over the world. Around 13. 9 sq. km of forest lands, i. e. 9. 3% of the world’s forest area, was cleared  for the needs of industrialisation, cultivation, pastures and fuelwoods. (Q. )How did the Forest Act affect the lives of the common Indians? (1 Mark) (Ans) The Forest Act brought severe hardships for villagers across the country. After the Act, their everyday practices – cutting wood, grazing of cattle, collection of fruits and roots, hunting and fishing were treated as illegal activities. People were forced to steal wood from the forests and when caught, were at the mercy of the forest guards. (Q. ) What are the recent developments in forestry? (3 Marks) (Ans) 1) The concept of forest  management has changed since 1980. It was observed by the government that implementation of strict forest laws was leading to stealing of timbers and illegal hunting. ) Forest dwellers were kept away from the implementation procedure of these laws andtherefore, it generated conflict between the two parties – the government and the villagers. 3) Indian adivasis preserve the forest land and resources and therefore, the government is involving local people in the matters like safetyand security of forest land, forest products and wild animals. (Q. ) Elaborate  some of the activities of the people of Bastar. (3 M arks) (Ans) 1) The people of Bastar believe deeply in the village and its offerings. Since the village peopleknow the boundaries of the village, they look after the natural resources. ) If people from a village want to take some wood from the forests of another village, they pay a small fee called  devsari,  dand  or  man  in exchange. Some villages also protect their forests by engaging watchmen and each household contributes some grain to pay them. 3) Every year, there is one big hunt where the headmen of villages in a  pargana  (cluster of villages) meet and discuss issues of concern, including forests. (Q. ) Who was Samin? What was his challenge to the Dutch? (3 Marks) (Ans) Surontiko Samin was a resident of Randublatung  village  of  Java. 1) In 1890, he  began questioning the state ownership of forest. He argued that the forest and its resources were the gifts of nature. Thus, the state could not have any right over it. 2) A widespread movement developed and by 1907, 3,000 families were following his ideas. They challenged the Dutch authority byrefusing to pay taxes and by lying down on their forest lands when the Dutch came to survey it. Others refused to pat taxes or fines or perform labour. (Q. ) What are the similarities between colonial management of forests in Bastar and in Java? (3 Marks) (Ans) 1) In both Bastar (India) andJava (Indonesia), the colonial management of forests led to rebellions. ) In Bastar, the forest management was in the hands of the British and in Java, it wasunder the Dutches. 3) Both the governments wanted timber for their needs and worked for their own monopoly. When the forest communities in both the regions had to leave their land, rebellions occurred, which were subsequentlycrushed. Q. ) How did the forest  rules affect cultivation? (3 Marks) (Ans) 1) European foresters regarded the practice of shifting cultivationharmful for the forests. They felt that theland which was used for cultivation every few years could not grow trees for railway timber. When a forest was burnt, there was the added danger offlames spreading and burning valuable timber. 2) Shifting cultivation also made it harder for the government to calculate taxes. Therefore, the government decided to ban shifting cultivation. 3) Many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests. Some had to change occupations, while some resisted through large and small rebellions. Q. )How can you say that the spread of railways brought deforestation during the Colonial Period? (3 Marks) (Ans) 1) In 1850s, the spread of railways created a new demand.

Crusades :: essays research papers

While the goal of the Christian Crusades was only successful once, it still brought about many changes in the time including an end to feudalism, advancement in warfare, and expansion of trade. The Seljuq Turks began to take over â€Å"the Holy Land† in Palestine and this upset Pope Urban II. He was eager to regain the Holy Land and thus began the First Crusade. The French and Italian lords led armies through Palestine to their main target Jerusalem. They were heavy armor and wool while marching through the desert and because of this some died of heat exhaustion. Despite this problem, they reached Jerusalem and after many vicious battles the city was captured. Now most of the Holy Land was under European control. The Europeans brought many of their customs with them including feudalism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Turks slowly began to regain control of the Holy Land. They united and began to take back cities that were captured as a result the Second Crusade began. King Louis VII and Conrad III led armies to Damascus but they failed to recapture the city and the Turks still held power. In 1187 Saladin, a Muslim leader, gained control of Jerusalem. Frederick Barbarossa, King Philip II, and King Richard I led armies to take back the Holy Land in the Third Crusade. On the way there Barbarossa drowned so his army turned back. Philip and Richard got into a fight and Philip went back to France to take back land from the English. Richard went on to the Holy Land but failed to recapture it. He did make a truce with Saladin which allowed Christians to enter the Holy land and control of some towns.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There was one last effort to take the Holy Land back by Pope Innocent III who put together French knights in the Fourth Crusade. The knights left on ships provided by Venice and were asked to attack Zadar, a rival trading city to Venice. Since Zadar was a Christian city the knights who attacked and looted it were excommunicated. The knights went on to attack and loot another Christian city Constantinople. The Crusades led to changes in the middle ages.